Publicada em sete volumes entre 1710 e 1746, Miscellanea Berolinensia foi o principal jornal da Academia de Berlim, cuja fundação se deve ao próprio Leibniz em 1690, a dissolução da Societas ocorreu em 1744. A nova instituição, a Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Prusse, conseguiu a Societas, e a Miscellanea Berolinensia foi sucedida pelo Berlim histoire et mémoires em 1745/46.

Hud Hudson presents an innovative view of the metaphysics of human persons according to which human persons are material objects but not human organisms. In developing his account, he formulates and defends a unique collection of positions on parthood, persistence, vagueness, composition, identity, and various puzzles of material constitution. The author also applies his materialist metaphysics to issues in ethics and in the philosophy of religion. He examines the implications for ethics of his metaphysical views for standard arguments addressing the (...) moral permissibility of our treatment of human persons and their parts, fetuses and infants, the irreversibly comatose, and corpses. He argues that his metaphysics provides the best foundation in the philosophy of religion for the Christian doctrine of the resurrection of the body. Hudson addresses a broad range of metaphysical issues, but among his most strikingly original contributions are his defense of the "Partist" view and his argument for the compatibility of Christianity with a materialistic theory of human persons. (shrink)

Hud Hudson offers a fascinating examination of philosophical reasons to believe in hyperspace. He explores non-theistic reasons in the first chapter and theistic ones towards the end; in the intervening sections he inquires into a variety of puzzles in the metaphysics of material objects that are either generated by the hypothesis of hyperspace or else informed by it, with discussions of receptacles, boundaries, contact, occupation, and superluminal motion. Anyone engaged with contemporary metaphysics, and many philosophers of religion, will find much (...) to stimulate them here. (shrink)

Hud Hudson shows that apparently irreconcilable conflicts between science and religion often turn out to be misdescribed battles about negotiable philosophical assumptions. He defends an original Hypertime Hypothesis which reconciles the Christian doctrines of The Fall and Original Sin with reigning scientific orthodoxy.

Apresentaçáo. O lugar da "Introduçáo a um projeto de um sistema da filosofia da natureza" na filosofia da natureza de Schelling.

Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Neste trabalho procuramos mostrar como Schelling, baseado na dialética especulativa, antecipou, tal como o fizera em relação a inúmeros outros fenômenos físicos, uma importante teoria sobre a natureza da luz, a qual o físico Louis de Broglie demonstrou (...) ser verdadeira apenas 150 anos mais tarde. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";}. (shrink)

: Este artigo tem por objetivo sustentar a hipercognição, resultado da interação da cognição humanacom os artefatos interativos provenientes da Convergência Tecnológica NBIC,como perspectiva factível perante as teses pós-humanistas que esboçam uma transformação ontológica doser humano a partir da fusão com máquinas. A factibilidade da hipercognição está alicerçada na concepçãode cognição sustentada pelo externalismo ativo, em especial o de Andy Clark, para o qual o ambiente possuicaracterísticas relevantes o suficiente para desempenhar um papel protagonista no processo de cognição,uma vez que (...) os humanos já seriam, por natureza, peritos na tarefa de incorporar material não biológico emsuas rotinas físicas e cognitivas. A simbiose entre humanos e máquinasseria algo que decorreria naturalmente, sobretudo na acepção de que os processos cognitivos seriamdependentes de ajuda externas. No contexto da Convergência Tecnológica NBIC, essa simbiose é o quepossibilita a hipercognição. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a postura antirrepresentacionista da abordagem incorporada da cognição em sua tentativa de fazer frente às possíveis limitações da ciência cognitiva clássica. Tal abordagem, propagada a partir da década de 1980, teve suas raízes na perspectiva ecológica de Gibson, com a noção de affordances, podendo uma versão mais acentuada ser identificada no texto Radical embodied cognitive science, de Chemero, em que o autor procura apontar a desnecessidade das representações mentais para a compreensão da cognição, tendo (...) como apoio a noção de affordances, porém numa perspectiva distinta de Gibson. Ao apresentar a distinção conceitual de affordances entre os autores em questão, pretende-se, por fim, discutir a contribuição epistemológica da abordagem radical de cognição incorporada de Chemero para o futuro da ciência cognitiva. (shrink)

This paper presents the results of a research done to investigate the effectiveness of Philosophy for Children, a pedagogy employing philosophical dialogue in a community of inquiry, in a Philippine primary school. Quantitative analysis of critical thinking skills identified by Sharp and Splitter as reasoning; concept analysis; and meaning-making revealed that there was a considerable increase in the frequency of the children’s use of such critical thinking skills over the course of fifteen sessions of dialogical inquiry. Moreover, qualitative analysis of (...) excerpts from the dialogue transcripts accounted for the refinement of the children’s use of the critical thinking skills. This pioneering work thus calls for further research that will implement P4C in other grade levels and to explore other indicators of development in children’s thinking. Further, it recommends that primary schools adopt P4C in Philippine basic education curriculum and that teacher education institutions provide teacher training and include P4C for pre-service training. (shrink)

Neste artigo apresentamos parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa qualitativa e de revisão bibliográfica, cujo problema envolve os sentidos de ensino de Filosofia no currículo para o ensino médio no período de 2009 a 2019. Assim, objetivamos investigar os discursos sobre ensino de Filosofia no ensino médio, presentes na produção acadêmica dos autores mais recorrentes do campo teórico. Para tanto, nos aportamos na Teoria do Discurso de Ernesto Laclau e Chantal Mouffe, cuja potência teórica, já afirmada em importantes trabalhos do (...) campo educacional, nos permitiu identificar o problema do não reconhecimento do ensino de Filosofia como um ponto-nodal que une uma parte da comunidade acadêmica de Filosofia na afirmação antagônica de que tal ensino deve, sim, compor o currículo do nível médio brasileiro. Palavras-chave: Filosofia; Ensino de Filosofia; Currículo; Ensino médio; Teoria do Discurso Discourse on Philosophy teaching in the high school curriculum: defense of a problem, curricular conception and affirmation of a practice Abstract: In this article we present part of the results of a research of qualitative nature and bibliographic cut whose problem involves the meanings of Philosophy teaching in the curriculum for high school in the period from 2009 to 2019. Thus, we aim to investigate the discourses on teaching Philosophy in high school present in the academic production of the most recurrent authors in the theoretical field. To this end, we focus on the Discourse Theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, whose theoretical potency, already affirmed in important works in the educational field, allowed us to identify the problem of the non- recognition of philosophy teaching as a nodal point that unites a part of the academic philosophy community in the antagonistic claim that such teaching should be part of the Brazilian high school curriculum. Key-words: Philosophy; Philosophy teaching; Curriculum; High school; Discourse Theory. Discursos sobre la enseñanza de la Filosofía en el currículo de bachillerato: defensa de un problema, concepción curricular y afirmación de una práctica Resumen: En este artículo presentamos parte de los resultados de una investigación cualitativa y revisión bibliográfica, cuyo problema involucra los significados de la enseñanza de la Filosofía en el currículo para la escuela secundaria en el período de 2009 a 2019. Así, nos propusimos investigar los discursos sobre la enseñanza de la Filosofía en la escuela secundaria, presentes en la producción académica de los autores más recurrentes en el campo teórico. Para ello, hemos estado en la Teoría del Discurso de Ernesto Laclau y Chantal Mouffe, cuyo poder teórico, ya afirmado en importantes trabajos del campo educativo, nos permitió identificar el problema del no reconocimiento de la enseñanza de la filosofía como un punto-nodal que une a una parte de la comunidad académica de la Filosofía en la afirmación antagónica de que dicha enseñanza debe, Sí, para conformar el currículo del nivel medio brasileño. Palabras clave: Filosofía; Enseñanza de la filosofía; Plan de estudios; Bachillerato; Teoría del discurso. Data de registro: 02/03/2022 Data de aceite: 17/05/2022. (shrink)

Are the social sciences a dying fire? This book skilfully lays out how, apart from their misguided approach to knowledge production and specializations, social sciences continue to remain prisoners of a prescribed historical, cultural and anthropogenic narrative.

Este trabalho visa refletir sobre a minoridade e contextualiza-la dentro do seguimento de Cristo. A minoridade é um valor evangélico muito caro a Francisco de Assis, e apresentada como indispensável para aqueles que desejam ingressar nos grupos franciscanos. Algumas das consequências da minoridade são a pobreza e a dependência, que não são vistas como virtudes ou metas para grande parte das pessoas. Diante disso, é necessário questionar se o discurso sobre minoridade não se tornou anacrônico ou inadequado para a atualidade. (...) O método utilizado para verificar essa possibilidade foi retomar os fundamentos da minoridade e identificar quais são as conexões que esse comportamento implica dentro da forma de vida franciscana. De forma transversal é possível estabelecer comportamentos alternativos à minoridade e criar hipóteses sobre suas consequências. As relações fraternas, são baseadas no Evangelho, mas organizam-se de forma prática com estruturas hierárquicas de poder. A conciliação entre a minoridade e a função da autoridade é muito delicada. Além disso, a função do superior interage com comportamento de vanglória, inveja e julgamentos, como entender isso como elementos no caminho de seguimento a Cristo é um questionamento profundo. A ideia de minoridade permeia diversos aspectos da vida espiritual, social e pessoal. Dessa constatação nasce também a necessidade de identificar quando a minoridade se torna uma forma de abrir mão da responsabilidade de fazer escolhas, e uma oportunidade de delegar a responsabilidade a outros. Talvez o ponto central da discussão seja entender se o discurso sobre a minoridade é prático ou se permanece apenas como uma elaboração teórica, mas sem aplicabilidade. (shrink)

In his recent article, Nicolas Rasmussen (2001) is harshly critical of what he terms 'empirical philosophy of science', a philosophy that takes seriously the history of science in advancing philosophical pronouncements about science. He motivates his criticism by reflecting on recent history in microbiology involving the 'discovery' of a new bacterial organelle, the mesosome, during the 1950's and 1960's, and the subsequent retraction of this discovery by experimental microbiologists during the late 1970's and early 1980's. In particular, he argues that (...) there was a lack of constancy in the methods microbiologists used in approaching the issue of the existence of mesosomes, and that in fact a similar sort of 'methodological flux' pervades all experimental work. My goal here is to refute Rasmussen's doctrine of flux, and in turn to re-establish order in our understanding of the methods and strategies of experimenters. My strategy in achieving this goal is to re-visit the same crucial research articles in the history of the mesosome episode that Rasmussen (2001) visits; and what I find upon returning to this literature is not flux, as Rasmussen seems to find, but a constancy of method in experimental reasoning, a constancy codified by what I call 'reliable process reasoning'. (shrink)

This book argues that language is a network of concepts which in turn is part of the general cognitive network of the mind. It challenges the widely-held view that language is an innate mental module with its own special internal organization. It shows that language has the same internal organization as other areas of knowledge such as social relations and action schemas, and reveals the rich links between linguistic elements and contextual categories. Professor Hudson presents a new theory of how (...) we learn and use our knowledge of language. He puts this to work in a series of extended explorations of morphology, syntax, semantics, and sociolinguistics. Every step of his argument and exposition is illustrated with examples, including the kind mainstream theory finds it hard to analyse. He introduces the latest version of his influential theory of Word Grammar and shows how it can be used to explain the operations of language and as a key to understanding the associated operations of the mind. (shrink)

In recent years, the value-freeness of science has come under extensive critique. Early objectors to the notion of value-free science can be found in Rudner and Churchman, later objections occur in Leach and Gaa, and more recent critics are Kitcher, Douglas, and Elliott. The goal of this paper is to examine and critique two arguments opposed to the notion of a value-free science. The first argument, the uncertainty argument, cites the endemic uncertainty of science and concludes that values are needed (...) to give direction to scientific investigation. The second, or moral argument, cites the fact that scientists have moral obligations just like everyone else, and.. (shrink)

Using agent‐based modelling, Harrington, Kleber, Reubold, Schiel & Stevens (2018) develop a unified model of sound change based on cognitive processing of human speech and theories of how social factors constrain the spread of change throughout a community. They conclude that many types of change result from how biases in the phonetic distribution of phonological categories are transmitted via accommodation processes between individuals in interaction.

In Seeing Things, Robert Hudson assesses a common way of arguing about observation reports called "robustness reasoning." Robustness reasoning claims that an observation report is more likely to be true if the report is produced by multiple, independent sources. Seeing Things argues that robustness reasoning lacks the special value it is often claimed to have. Hudson exposes key flaws in various popular philosophical defenses of robustness reasoning. This philosophical critique of robustness is extended by recounting five episodes in the history (...) of science (from experimental microbiology, atomic theory, astrophysics, and astronomy) where robustness reasoning is — or could be claimed to have been — used. Hudson goes on to show that none of these episodes do in fact exhibit robustness reasoning. In this way, the significance of robustness reasoning is rebutted on both philosophical and historical grounds. But the book does more than critique robustness reasoning. It also develops a better defense of the informative value of observation reports. The book concludes by relating insights into the failure of robustness reasoning to a popular approach to scientific realism called "(theoretical) preservationism." Hudson argues that those who defend this approach to realism commit similar errors to those who advocate robustness reasoning. In turn, a new form of realism is formulated and defended. Called "methodological preservationism," it recognizes the fundamental value of naked-eye observation to scientists — and the rest of us. (shrink)

Nach wie vor findet Kants Interesse an der,,Physiko-Theologie“ zu wenig Beachtung. Sowohl in der _Kritik der reinen Vernunft_ als in der _Kritik der Urteilskraft_ finden sich gehaltvolle naturphilosophische Argumente, deren komplexe Ausarbeitung nicht zuletzt die Frage nach der Möglichkeit eines physiko-theologischen Gottesbeweises beantworten soll. Der Aufsatz sichtet diese Argumente, wobei er sich auf Kants Ausführungen zu den,,objektiven Naturzwecken“ bzw. Organismen in der _Kritik der Urteilskraft_ konzentriert. Ferner wird dargelegt, wie der junge Schelling von der transzendentalphilosophischen,,Physiko-Theologie“ gelernt hat, indem er Kants (...) theistischem Standpunkt seinen eigenen pantheistischen entgegensetzte. Auch für Schellings Bestimmung des Absoluten spielt die Theorie des Organismus eine herausragende Rolle. (shrink)

Este ensayo explora el papel crucial de la experiencia en la interpretación arqueológica y su relevancia en la investigación científica del pasado. Destaco el análisis detallado de esta noción, a menudo pasada por alto en las discusiones filosóficas sobre el conocimiento arqueológico. La tesis principal sostiene que la experiencia, concebida como una acción que progresa a través de etapas de actos constitutivos controlados, desempeña un papel fundamental. El argumento central distingue la experiencia según la lógica de la investigación empírica de (...) Dewey de las perspectivas pragmáticas en arqueología. Subrayo la necesidad de considerar la investigación arqueológica como una actividad dinámica y controlada en constante crecimiento. Expongo argumentos basados en el pensamiento de Dewey, destacando la importancia de regresar al pragmatismo clásico para obtener una comprensión más profunda del papel de la experiencia en la investigación arqueológica y su contribución al entendimiento del pasado. (shrink)

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar excertos de entrevistas com professores do curso de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Pará, com a finalidade de estabelecer um panorama analítico balizado por reflexões de caráter introdutório, sobre as concepções de ciência explícitas e tácitas presentes nas respostas desses docentes. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa realizado no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da UFPA. A título de Conclusão, está investigação nos remete ao entendimento de que, existe no Curso (...) estudado uma predominância de uma racionalidade técnica na interpretação e manutenção de um sentido de ciência aproximada de um tipo de positivismo alargado e um culto a noção de evolução-progresso de cunho neodarwinista. (shrink)

The study examines Nicolas de La Chesnaye’s play ‘La Condamnation de Banquet’, a text written shortly after the year 1500 and criticizing heavily the conduct of nightly banquets in the French upper classes of its time. It was also transformed into tapestries, still extant, shortly after its first publication. Bodily conditions (e.g. sobriety), illnesses (e.g. stroke) and institutions (e.g. a tribunal) serve as personifications of such topics as excessive sumptuousness, and the moral depravation and aberration associated with it. The play’s (...) perspective is to highlight social responsibility and to provide its audience with recommendations for a healthy way of living. Asceticism is declared to be a bonum commune and a way of optimizing oneself. (shrink)

Este estudo buscou analisar como os currículos se originaram, estabelecendo como ponto de partida a tradição romana e sua arqueologia do saber jurídico, para, em seguida, adentrar nas reflexões em torno da ciência e da técnica na modernidade, desnudando aspectos valiosos a fim de se (re)pensar uma pauta humanista nessa seara. Como opção teórico-metodológica, adotou-se a abordagem de natureza qualitativa, com ênfase na revisão de literatura. Como resultado, ficou evidente a necessidade concreta de um modelo de educação jurídica que possa (...) romper com a configuração socioeducacional atual e que seja capaz de assegurar a junção equilibrada entre o Humanismo, a Ciência, a Técnica, as Artes. (shrink)

Many activities in organizations benefit from informal networks, in which individuals help each other without an obligation to do so. Helping can take time and effort and expert helpers may find themselves in high demand not being able to help every requester. In this research, we examine the impact of prior help in the decision to help the same person again versus help someone new. We propose that feelings of partnership created by an initial act of help encourage helpers to (...) stick to the same person, but a sense of fairness pushes helpers toward those who have not received help before. Thus, oftentimes people prefer to help someone with whom they have a weaker bond. Furthermore, we argue that repeated helping strengthens the feeling of partnership and increases preference for helping the same person over another. In contrast, knowing that the helped party has similar relationships with other helpers dampen this feeling and reduces future help. Helpers consider not only the help they have given, but more broadly the help that was received by all the parties involved. We also distinguish two aspects of fairness: even/equal distribution of help and helping who is in greater need. (shrink)

Recently, many scientists have become concerned about an excessive number of failures to reproduce statistically significant effects. The situation has become dire enough that the situation has been named the ‘reproducibility crisis’. After reviewing the relevant literature to confirm the observation that scientists do indeed view replication as currently problematic, I explain in philosophical terms why the replication of empirical phenomena, such as statistically significant effects, is important for scientific progress. Following that explanation, I examine various diagnoses of the reproducibility (...) crisis, and argue that for the majority of scientists the crisis is due, at least in part, to a form of publication bias. This conclusion sets the stage for an assessment of the view that evidential relations in science are inherently value-laden, a view championed by Heather Douglas and Kevin Elliott. I argue, in response to Douglas and Elliott, and as motivated by the meta-scientific resistance scientists harbour to a publication bias, that if we advocate the value-ladenness of science the result would be a deepening of the reproducibility crisis. (shrink)

This paper addresses the gap between familiar popular narratives describing Artificial Intelligence (AI), such as the trope of the killer robot, and the realistic near-future implications of machine intelligence and automation for technology policy and society. The authors conducted a series of interviews with technologists, science fiction writers, and other experts, as well as a workshop, to identify a set of key themes relevant to the near future of AI. In parallel, they led the analysis of almost 100 recent works (...) of science fiction stories with AI themes to develop a preliminary taxonomy of AI in science fiction. These activities informed the commissioning of six original works of science fiction and non-fiction response essays on the themes of “intelligence” and “justice” that were published as part of the Slate Future Tense Fiction series in 2019 and 2020. Our findings indicate that artificial intelligence remains deeply ambiguous both in the policy and cultural contexts: we struggle to define the boundaries and the agency of machine intelligence, and consequently find it difficult to govern or interact with such systems. However, our findings also suggest more productive avenues of inquiry and framing that could foster both better policy and better narratives around AI. (shrink)

Summary The purpose of this work is to translate some of Robert Boyle's chemical experiments into the terms of modern chemistry. Most of the reactions involve sensible qualities, since there are on it considerable helpful tracking descriptions like heating, hissing, colour changing, etc. For a long time in the history of science, this procedure was seen as an exercise in anachronism which should be avoided at all costs. Recently many scholars have demonstrated that chemical translation can assist with historical work (...) instead of causing confusion, and it may be very useful as a tool for the history of chemistry and for reproducing past chemical experiments. (shrink)

Este artigo é uma apresentação dos fundamentos da teoria modular desenvolvida por Jerry A. Fodor e uma reflexão sobre seus principais desafios. A noção de modularidade da mente de Fodor, por um lado, procura superar as insuficiências metodológicas e epistemológicas do associacionismo e do localizacionismo a respeito das explicações da estrutura e do funcionamento mental; por outro lado, é uma oposição à postura culturalista de Vygotsky, para o qual as funções superiores da mente, como a cognição, são produtos artificiais, culturais. (...) A psicologia cognitiva de Chomsky converteu esse produto "artificial" em "natural", postulando a existência de módulos inatos para desempenhar funções cognitivas específicos. Com base nessa ideia de Chomsky, Fodor procura explicar a mente como um conjunto de módulos. No entanto, sua principal contribuição para as ciências cognitivas é a apresentação da arquitetura mental em dois níveis e a afirmação da existência de módulos centrais responsáveis pelas atividades cognitivas superiores, como criatividade, reflexão ou imaginação. (shrink)

Recentemente, alguns acadêmicos têm demonstrado que a tradução química pode auxiliar o trabalho histórico. O objetivo deste trabalho é traduzir alguns experimentos alquímicos de Robert Boyle para a química contemporânea, particularmente, aqueles que envolvem a água régia. A maior parte desses experimentos tem relação com o mecanicismo boyleano, com receitas de produção de compostos e com a padronização de procedimentos químicos. Muitos deles envolvem descrições precisas de propriedades, tais como o ponto de fusão, a mudança de gosto, a liberação de (...) som e bolhas, a corrosão etc., que podem ser usadas como ferramentas de rastreamento para uma tradução à notação química atual. (shrink)

In an important 2006 paper, Nishi Shah defends ‘evidentialism’, the position that only evidence for a proposition’s truth constitutes a reason to believe this proposition. In opposition to Shah, Anthony Robert Booth, Andrew Reisner and Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen argue that things other than evidence of truth, so-called non-evidential or ‘pragmatic’ reasons, constitute reasons to believe a proposition. I argue that we can effectively respond to Shah’s pragmatist critics if, following Shah, we are careful to distinguish the evaluation of the reasons for (...) a belief from the process of actually forming a belief and allowing it to influence action. Drawing this distinction is assisted if we utilize Rudolf Carnap’s probabilistic interpretation of what it means to be disposed to believe a claim. (shrink)